Technician Class Study Guide

T1A01Which of the following is part of the Basis and Purpose of the Amateur Radio Service?

CAdvancing skills in the technical and communication phases of the radio art

TipHam radio is about ADVANCING SKILLS in radio. It's not about contests or chatting for everyone.

T1A02Which agency regulates and enforces the rules for the Amateur Radio Service in the United States?

CThe FCC

TipThe FCC writes and enforces the rules. The ARRL is a club, not a regulator.

T1A03What do the FCC rules state regarding the use of a phonetic alphabet for station identification in the Amateur Radio Service?

BIt is encouraged when using phone emissions

TipPhonetics are ENCOURAGED, not required. "Alpha Bravo" helps, but it isn't the law.

T1A04How do you receive official notification of your new license and call sign after passing the exam?

AEmail from the FCC with a link to download the license grant

TipNo paper license anymore. The FCC EMAILS you a link to download it.

T1A05What proves that the FCC has issued an operator/primary license grant?

CThe license appears in the FCC ULS database

TipYou're licensed when you appear in the ULS DATABASE. The database is the proof.

T1A06On which of the following HF frequencies can automatically controlled amateur propagation beacons be found?

DOn ten meters, between 28.200 MHz and 28.300 MHz

TipBeacons on 10 m: 28.200–28.300 MHz. "Twenty-eight point TWO to THREE."

T1A07What is the FCC Part 97 definition of a space station?

CAn amateur station located more than 50 km above Earth's surface

TipA space station is more than 50 km up. "Fifty up = space."

T1A08Who recommends transmit/receive channels for repeater and auxiliary stations?

BA Volunteer Frequency Coordinator recognized by local amateurs

TipRepeater channels are recommended by a VOLUNTEER Frequency Coordinator, picked by local hams.

T1A09Who selects a Frequency Coordinator?

CAmateur operators in a local or regional area whose stations are eligible to be repeater or auxiliary stations

TipLocal hams who could run repeaters pick their own coordinator.

T1A10Besides an FCC-issued amateur operator license, what is required to be the control operator of a Radio Amateur Civil Emergency Service (RACES) Station?

CCertification of current enrollment by a civil defense organization

TipRACES = civil defense, so you need to be enrolled with a CIVIL DEFENSE organization.

T1A11Which of the following is prohibited?

BWillful or malicious interference

TipWillful or malicious interference ("jamming on purpose") is always prohibited.

T1B01Which of the following frequency ranges are available for phone operation by Technician licensees?

C28.300 MHz to 28.500 MHz

TipTech phone on 10 m: 28.300–28.500 MHz. "Three to five on ten."

T1B02Which of the following U.S. amateur radio operators are allowed to contact the International Space Station (ISS) on VHF bands?

BAny amateur with a Technician class or higher license

TipAny Technician or higher can talk to the ISS.

T1B03Which frequency is in the 6-meter amateur band?

B52.525 MHz

Tip6 m = 50–54 MHz. 52.525 is the only choice in that range (it's the 6 m FM calling frequency).

T1B04Which amateur band includes 146.52 MHz?

D2 meters

Tip2 m = 144–148 MHz, so 146.52 is in 2 m. It's also the national simplex calling frequency.

T1B05Which of the following bands include frequencies where Technicians are authorized to use digital modes such as FT8?

DAll these choices are correct

TipTechs can run digital modes on several bands, so "All these."

T1B06On which HF bands does a Technician class operator have phone privileges?

B10-meter band only

TipTech voice on HF = 10 m ONLY.

T1B07Which of the following VHF/UHF band segments are limited to CW only?

A50.0 MHz to 50.1 MHz and 144.0 MHz to 144.1 MHz

TipCW-only at the bottom of 6 m and 2 m: 50.0–50.1 and 144.0–144.1. "The first 100 kHz is for CW."

T1B08How are US amateurs restricted in segments of bands where the Amateur Radio Service is secondary?

AU.S. amateurs may find non-amateur stations in those segments, and must avoid interfering with them

TipSecondary = guest. Non-ham stations may be there, and you must not interfere with them.

T1B09Why should you not set your transmit frequency to be exactly at the edge of an amateur band or sub-band?

DAll these choices are correct

TipSitting on the band edge risks drift, sidebands spilling out, and calibration error. "All these."

T1B10Where may SSB phone be used in amateur bands above 50 MHz?

CIn at least some segment of all these bands

TipSSB is allowed in some part of every band above 50 MHz.

T1B11What is the maximum peak envelope power output for Technician class operators in their HF band segments?

A200 watts

TipTechs on HF: 200 watts max.

T1B12Except for some specific restrictions, what is the maximum peak envelope power output for Technician class operators using frequencies above 30 MHz?

D1500 watts

TipAbove 30 MHz: up to the full legal limit of 1500 W (with some exceptions).

T1C01For which classes of amateur radio licenses does the FCC currently issue new licenses?

DTechnician, General, Amateur Extra

TipNew licenses are issued only for Technician, General and Extra. Novice and Advanced are no longer issued.

T1C02Who may select a desired call sign under the vanity call sign rules?

DAny licensed amateur

TipANY licensed ham can ask for a vanity call.

T1C03What types of international communications are FCC-licensed amateur radio stations permitted to make?

ACommunications incidental to the purposes of the Amateur Radio Service and remarks of a personal character

TipInternational contacts must be about ham radio or personal remarks.

T1C04What may happen if the FCC is unable to reach you by email?

BRevocation of the station license or suspension of the operator license

TipThe FCC talks to you by email. If they can't reach you, your license can be revoked or suspended.

T1C05Which of the following is a valid Group D call sign format for Technician class?

AKF1XXX

TipGroup D (Tech/General) calls are 2-by-3: like KF1XXX (2 letters, digit, 3 letters).

T1C06Which of the following statements is true about using your amateur radio license when operating aboard a vessel or craft in international waters?

DYou may operate from a US-documented vessel with the master's permission

TipOn a US-documented ship in international waters, you can operate with the MASTER'S (captain's) permission.

T1C07How long before the expiration date may an amateur radio license renewal be requested?

B90 days

TipYou can renew 90 days before expiration.

T1C08What is the normal term for an FCC-issued amateur radio license?

CTen years

TipA license is good for 10 years.

T1C09What is the grace period for renewal if an amateur license expires?

ATwo years

TipThe grace period after expiration is 2 years. (Renew only, no transmitting during it.)

T1C10How soon after passing the examination for your first amateur radio license may you transmit on the amateur radio bands?

CAs soon as your operator/station license grant appears in the FCC’s license database

TipYou can transmit as soon as you show up in the FCC database. No waiting for paper.

T1C11If your license has expired and is still within the allowable grace period, may you continue to transmit on the amateur radio bands?

DNo, you must wait until the license has been renewed

TipExpired = NO transmitting, even during the grace period. Renew first.

T1D01With which countries are FCC-licensed amateur radio stations prohibited from exchanging communications?

AAny country whose administration has notified the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) that it objects to such communications

TipYou can't contact countries that told the ITU they object.

T1D02Under which of the following circumstances are one-way transmissions by an amateur station prohibited?

BBroadcasting

TipOne-way BROADCASTING is prohibited. Hams have two-way conversations.

T1D03When is it permissible to transmit messages encoded to obscure their meaning?

COnly when transmitting control commands to space stations or model craft

TipCoded messages are allowed only for controlling space stations or model craft.

T1D04Under what conditions is an amateur station authorized to transmit music using a phone emission?

AWhen incidental to an authorized retransmission of manned spacecraft communications

TipMusic only when retransmitting manned spacecraft (like NASA audio).

T1D05When may amateur radio operators use their stations to notify other amateurs of the availability of equipment for sale or trade?

DWhen selling amateur radio equipment and not on a regular basis

TipSelling your own ham gear is OK occasionally, but not as a regular business.

T1D06What, if any, are the restrictions concerning transmission of language that may be considered indecent or obscene?

BAny such language is prohibited

TipObscene or indecent language: ANY of it is prohibited.

T1D07Which of the following is an example of an auxiliary station?

AA station sending one-way transmissions between a remote repeater receiver and the main repeater transmitter

TipAn auxiliary station links a remote receiver to the main repeater, one way.

T1D08In which of the following circumstances may the control operator of an amateur station receive compensation for operating that station?

BWhen the communication is a part of classroom instruction at an educational institution

TipYou can be paid for operating only when it's part of classroom instruction (a teacher using the station in class).

T1D09When may amateur stations transmit information in support of broadcasting, program production, or news gathering, assuming no other means is available?

AWhen such communications are directly related to the immediate safety of human life or protection of property

TipNews-gathering help only when lives or property are in immediate danger.

T1D10How does the FCC define broadcasting for the Amateur Radio Service?

DTransmissions intended for reception by the general public

TipBroadcasting = meant for the GENERAL PUBLIC.

T1D11When may an amateur station transmit without identifying on the air?

DWhen transmitting signals to control model craft

TipNo ID needed only when controlling model craft (RC planes and cars).

T1D12Which of the following is required when making on-the-air test transmissions?

AIdentify the transmitting station

TipEven test transmissions need an ID.

T1E01When may an amateur station transmit without a control operator?

DNever

TipA station transmitting without a control operator: NEVER.

T1E02Who may be the control operator of a station communicating through an amateur satellite or space station?

DAny amateur allowed to transmit on the satellite uplink frequency

TipThrough a satellite, anyone allowed on the uplink frequency can be the control operator.

T1E03Who must designate the station control operator?

AThe station licensee

TipThe station LICENSEE designates the control operator.

T1E04What determines the transmitting frequency privileges of an amateur station?

DThe class of operator license held by the control operator

TipWhat you can do depends on the CONTROL OPERATOR'S license class.

T1E05What is an amateur station’s control point?

CThe location at which the control operator function is performed

TipControl point = where the control operator sits.

T1E06When, other than during an emergency, may a Technician class licensee be the control operator of a station operating in an Amateur Extra Class band segment?

AAt no time

TipA Tech in Extra bands: AT NO TIME (except emergencies).

T1E07When the control operator is not the station licensee, who is responsible for the proper operation of the station?

DThe control operator and the station licensee

TipBOTH the control operator AND the licensee are responsible.

T1E08Which of the following is an example of automatic control?

ARepeater operation

TipAutomatic control = a repeater running by itself.

T1E09Which amateur stations may be remotely controlled?

DAny station

TipANY station may be remotely controlled.

T1E10Which of the following is an example of remote control as defined in Part 97?

BOperating the station over the internet

TipRemote control = operating over the internet.

T1E11What is a control operator as defined in Part 97?

DAn amateur operator designated by the licensee of a station to be responsible for transmissions and FCC rules compliance at that station

TipControl operator = the person designated as responsible for the station following FCC rules.

T1F01When must the station licensee make the station and the station records available for inspection?

BAt any time upon request by an FCC representative

TipThe FCC can inspect at ANY time on request.

T1F02How often must you identify with your FCC-assigned call sign when using tactical call signs such as “Race Headquarters”?

CAt least every 10 minutes during and at the end of a communication

TipTactical calls are fine, but give your real call every 10 minutes and at the end.

T1F03When are you required to transmit your assigned call sign?

DAt least every 10 minutes during and at the end of a communication

TipID every 10 minutes and at the end. "Ten and at the end."

T1F04What language must you use for identification when using a phone emission?

CEnglish

TipPhone ID must be in ENGLISH.

T1F05What method of call sign identification is required for a station transmitting phone signals?

BSend the call sign using a CW or phone emission

TipVoice station ID can be by CW or phone.

T1F06Which of the following self-assigned indicators are acceptable when using a phone transmission?

DAll these choices are correct

TipIndicators like "/portable", "/mobile" or "/AG": All these.

T1F07Which of the following restrictions apply when a non-licensed person speaks to a foreign amateur radio station via a station under the control of an FCC-licensed amateur radio operator?

BThe foreign station must be in a country with which the U.S. has a third-party agreement

TipA non-licensed person talking to a foreign station needs a THIRD-PARTY agreement with that country.

T1F08What is the definition of third-party communications?

AA message from a control operator to another amateur station control operator on behalf of another person

TipThird party = you pass a message on behalf of another person.

T1F09What type of amateur station simultaneously retransmits the signal of another amateur station on a different channel or channels?

CRepeater station

TipRe-transmits on another channel at the same time = REPEATER.

T1F10Who is accountable if a repeater inadvertently retransmits communications that violate the FCC rules?

AThe control operator of the originating station

TipThe ORIGINATING station's control operator is to blame, not the repeater owner.

T1F11Which of the following is a requirement for the issuance of a club station license grant?

BThe club must have at least four members

TipA club license needs at least 4 members.

T2A01What is a common repeater frequency offset in the 2-meter band?

BPlus or minus 600 kHz

Tip2 m repeater offset = 600 kHz. "Two meters, six hundred."

T2A02What is the national calling frequency for FM simplex operations in the 2-meter band?

A146.520 MHz

Tip2 m FM simplex calling = 146.520. (Same number as T1B04.)

T2A03What is a common repeater frequency offset in the 70-centimeter band?

APlus or minus 5 MHz

Tip70 cm offset = 5 MHz.

T2A04What is an appropriate way to call another station on a repeater if you know the other station's call sign?

BSay the station's call sign, then identify with your call sign

TipTheir call, then yours. "Them, then me."

T2A05How should you respond to a station calling CQ?

CTransmit the other station’s call sign followed by your call sign

TipAnswering CQ: their call, then yours.

T2A06What is an effective way to seek a call from any phone station when not using a repeater?

DRepeat “CQ” a few times, followed by “this is,” and your call sign, then pause to listen; repeat as necessary

TipCQ a few times, "this is," your call, then listen.

T2A07What does the term "repeater offset" mean?

AThe difference between a repeater’s transmit and receive frequencies

TipOffset = the difference between the repeater's transmit and receive frequencies.

T2A08What is the meaning of the procedural signal “CQ”?

DCalling any station

TipCQ = "Seek you": calling any station.

T2A09Which of the following is a customary way to indicate a station is listening on a repeater and looking for a contact?

BThe station’s call sign followed by the word “listening”

TipYour call + "listening."

T2A10What is a band plan, beyond the privileges established by the FCC?

AA voluntary guideline for using different modes or activities within an amateur band

TipBand plan = VOLUNTARY guideline.

T2A11What term describes an amateur station that is transmitting and receiving on the same frequency?

CSimplex

TipSame frequency both ways = SIMPLEX.

T2B01What is the purpose of the reverse function on a VHF/UHF transceiver?

CTo listen on a repeater’s input frequency

TipReverse = listen on the repeater's INPUT (to hear if you could go simplex).

T2B02What term describes the use of a sub-audible tone transmitted along with normal voice audio to open the squelch of a receiver?

DCTCSS

TipSub-audible tone = CTCSS (a "PL tone").

T2B03Which of the following describes a linked repeater network?

AA network of repeaters in which signals received by one repeater are transmitted by all the repeaters in the network

TipLinked repeaters: one hears it, they all transmit it.

T2B04Which of the following could be the reason you are unable to access a repeater whose output you can hear?

DAll these choices are correct

TipCan hear but can't access? Wrong tone, wrong offset, too far... "All these."

T2B05Which of the following would cause your FM transmission audio to drop out on voice peaks?

CYou are talking too loudly

TipAudio cutting out on peaks = you're talking too loud.

T2B06What type of signaling to a repeater uses two simultaneous audio tones?

ADTMF

TipTwo tones at once = DTMF (touch-tone phone keypad).

T2B07How can you join a digital repeater’s “talkgroup”?

CProgram your radio with the group’s ID or code

TipJoin a DMR talkgroup by programming its ID or code.

T2B08Which of the following applies when two stations transmitting on the same frequency interfere with each other?

AThe stations should negotiate continued use of the frequency

TipTwo stations clashing: negotiate (be polite).

T2B09Why are simplex channels designated in the VHF/UHF band plans?

ASo stations within range of each other can communicate without tying up a repeater

TipSimplex keeps the repeater free for others.

T2B10Which Q signal indicates that you are receiving interference from other stations?

AQRM

TipQRM = Man-made interference from other stations.

T2B11Which Q signal indicates that you are changing frequency?

BQSY

TipQSY = changing frequency. "Q-Switch-Y."

T2B12What is the digital color code used on DMR repeater systems?

AAn access code which must be programmed into a DMR transmitter to access a specific repeater

TipDMR color code = an ACCESS code for a specific repeater.

T2B13What is the purpose of a squelch function?

BMute the receiver audio when a signal is not present

TipSquelch MUTES the hiss when no one's talking.

T2B14Which of the following is a “talkgroup”?

BAn identifier used by DMR to organize radio traffic so that those who want to hear the group aren’t bothered by other radio traffic

TipTalkgroup = a DMR "channel" that keeps groups separate.

T2C01When do the FCC Part 97 Amateur Radio Service rules NOT apply to the operation of an amateur station?

DFCC rules always apply

TipFCC rules ALWAYS apply.

T2C02Which of the following are typical duties of a Net Control Station?

CCall the net to order and direct communications between stations checking in

TipNet control calls the net to order and directs traffic.

T2C03What technique is used to ensure that voice messages containing unusual words are received correctly?

CSpell the words using a standard phonetic alphabet

TipUnusual words? Spell them phonetically.

T2C04What is RACES?

DAn FCC Part 97 amateur radio service for civil defense communications during national emergencies

TipRACES = civil defense radio during national emergencies (Part 97).

T2C05What does the term “traffic” refer to in net operation?

AFormal messages exchanged by net stations

TipTraffic = FORMAL MESSAGES.

T2C06What is the Amateur Radio Emergency Service (ARES)?

AA group of licensed amateurs who have voluntarily registered their qualifications and equipment for communications duty in the public service

TipARES = volunteers registered for public-service communications.

T2C07Which of the following is standard practice when you participate in a net?

CUnless you are reporting an emergency, transmit only when directed by the net control station

TipIn a net, transmit only when net control directs you (unless it's an emergency).

T2C08Which of the following relays messages using email addresses based on amateur callsigns?

AWinlink

TipEmail by callsign = WINLINK.

T2C09Are amateur station control operators ever permitted to operate outside the frequency privileges of their license class?

DYes, but only in situations involving the immediate safety of human life or protection of property

TipOutside your privileges only when life or property is in immediate danger.

T2C10What information is contained in the preamble of a formal traffic message?

DInformation needed to track the message

TipPreamble = the tracking info for the message.

T2C11What is meant by “check” in a radiogram header?

AThe number of words or word equivalents in the text portion of the message

TipCheck = the word count.

T2C12Which of the following requires certification by a civil defense agency?

BRACES

TipRACES needs civil defense certification (like T1A10).

T3A01Why do VHF signal strengths sometimes vary greatly when the antenna is moved only a few feet?

CMultipath propagation cancels or reinforces signals

TipMove a few feet and the signal changes = MULTIPATH (reflections adding and cancelling).

T3A02How does vegetation affect UHF and microwave signals?

BAbsorbs signals, leading to poor reception of weak signals

TipTrees ABSORB UHF and microwaves. Leaves are full of water.

T3A03What antenna polarization is normally used for long-distance CW and SSB contacts on the VHF and UHF bands?

CHorizontal

TipLong-distance VHF/UHF CW and SSB = HORIZONTAL. (FM and repeaters are vertical.)

T3A04What is the effect of antenna cross-polarization over a line-of-sight VHF or UHF path?

BReceived signal strength is reduced

TipMismatched polarization (cross-polarized) = weaker signal.

T3A05When using a directional antenna, how might your station be able to communicate with a distant repeater if buildings or obstructions are blocking the direct line of sight path?

BTry to find a path that reflects signals to the repeater

TipBlocked? Bounce it: find a reflected path to the repeater.

T3A06What is the meaning of the term “picket fencing”?

BRapid flutter on mobile signals due to multipath propagation

TipPicket fencing = rapid flutter while driving (multipath).

T3A07What weather condition might decrease range at microwave frequencies?

CPrecipitation

TipRain and snow (precipitation) cut microwave range.

T3A08What is a likely cause of irregular fading of signals propagated by the ionosphere?

DRandom combining of signals arriving via different paths

TipIonospheric fading = signals arriving by different paths, randomly combining.

T3A09Which of the following results from the fact that signals propagated by the ionosphere are elliptically polarized?

BEither vertically or horizontally polarized antennas may be used for transmission or reception

TipSkywave comes back elliptically polarized, so either antenna polarization works.

T3A10What effect does multi-path propagation have on data transmissions?

DError rates are likely to increase

TipMultipath garbles data: more errors.

T3A11Which region of the atmosphere can reflect HF radio waves?

CThe ionosphere

TipHF bounces off the IONOSPHERE.

T3A12What effect does fog or rain have on 10-meter and 6-meter band signals?

BLittle effect

TipFog and rain barely affect 10 m and 6 m: "little effect." (Weather matters at microwaves.)

T3B01What is the relationship between the electric and magnetic fields of an electromagnetic wave?

DThey are at right angles

TipElectric and magnetic fields are at RIGHT ANGLES (90°).

T3B02What property of a radio wave defines its polarization?

AThe orientation of the electric field

TipPolarization = direction of the ELECTRIC field. "E decides."

T3B03What are the two components of a radio wave?

CElectric and magnetic fields

TipA radio wave = Electric + Magnetic fields ("electro-magnetic").

T3B04What is the velocity of a radio wave traveling through free space?

ASpeed of light

TipRadio travels at the speed of light.

T3B05What is the relationship between wavelength and frequency?

BWavelength gets shorter as frequency increases

TipHigher frequency = shorter wavelength.

T3B06What is the formula for converting frequency to approximate wavelength in meters?

DWavelength in meters equals 300 divided by frequency in megahertz

TipWavelength (meters) = 300 ÷ MHz. Example: 300/146 ≈ 2 m.

T3B07In addition to frequency, which of the following is used to identify amateur radio bands?

AThe approximate wavelength in meters

TipBands are named by wavelength: "2 meters," "70 centimeters."

T3B08What frequency range is referred to as VHF?

B30 MHz to 300 MHz

TipVHF = 30–300 MHz.

T3B09What frequency range is referred to as UHF?

D300 to 3000 MHz

TipUHF = 300–3000 MHz.

T3B10What frequency range is referred to as HF?

C3 to 30 MHz

TipHF = 3–30 MHz. (HF, VHF and UHF each step up by 10×: 3, 30, 300, 3000.)

T3B11What is the approximate velocity of a radio wave in free space?

B300,000,000 meters per second

TipSpeed of light ≈ 300,000,000 m/s. (That's where the "300" in 300/MHz comes from.)

T3B12Which of these frequencies travels at the highest velocity in free space?

DAll radio frequencies travel at the same velocity

TipAll radio waves travel at the same speed.

T3C01Why are simplex UHF signals rarely heard beyond their radio horizon?

CUHF signals are usually not propagated by the ionosphere

TipUHF passes through the ionosphere instead of bouncing, so it stays line of sight.

T3C02What is a characteristic of HF communication compared with communications on VHF and higher frequencies?

CLong-distance ionospheric propagation is far more common on HF

TipHF is the long-distance band: ionospheric skip.

T3C03What is one characteristic of VHF signals received via auroral backscatter?

BThey are distorted, with a characteristic raspy sound

TipAurora signals sound raspy and distorted.

T3C04Which of the following types of propagation is most commonly associated with occasional strong signals on the 10-, 6-, and 2-meter bands from beyond the radio horizon?

BSporadic E

TipSurprise strong signals on 10, 6 and 2 m = Sporadic E. "Sporadic = surprise."

T3C05Which of the following effects may allow radio signals to travel beyond obstructions between the transmitting and receiving stations?

AKnife-edge diffraction

TipBending over a hilltop = knife-edge diffraction.

T3C06What type of propagation is responsible for allowing over-the-horizon VHF and UHF communications to ranges of approximately 300 miles on a regular basis?

ATropospheric ducting

TipRegular 300-mile VHF/UHF paths = tropospheric ducting.

T3C07What band is best suited for communicating via meteor scatter?

B6 meters

TipMeteor scatter is best on 6 m.

T3C08What causes tropospheric ducting?

DTemperature inversions in the atmosphere

TipDucting is caused by temperature inversions.

T3C09What is generally the best time for long-distance 10-meter band propagation via the F region?

AFrom dawn to shortly after sunset during periods of high sunspot activity

Tip10 m F-region: dawn to just after sunset, with high sunspots (daylight + sun).

T3C10Which of the following bands may provide long-distance communications via the ionosphere’s F region during the peak of the sunspot cycle?

A6 and 10 meters

TipAt sunspot peak, even 6 m and 10 m open up via the F layer.

T3C11Why is the radio horizon for VHF and UHF signals more distant than the visual horizon?

CThe atmosphere refracts radio waves slightly

TipThe atmosphere bends radio slightly, so the radio horizon is beyond the visual horizon.

T4A01Which of the following is an appropriate power supply rating for a typical 50-watt output mobile FM transceiver?

D13.8 volts at 12 amperes

Tip50 W mobile radio: 13.8 V at 12 A (about 50 W out takes about 150 W in).

T4A02Which of the following should be considered when selecting an accessory SWR meter?

AThe frequency and power level at which the measurements will be made

TipPick an SWR meter that matches your frequency and power.

T4A03Why are short, heavy-gauge wires used for a transceiver’s DC power connection?

ATo minimize voltage drop when transmitting

TipShort, thick wire = less voltage drop on transmit.

T4A04How are the audio input and output of a transceiver connected in a station configured to operate using FT8?

BTo the audio output and input of a computer running FT8 software

TipFT8: radio audio goes to the computer, and computer audio goes to the radio.

T4A05Where should an RF power meter be installed?

AIn the feed line, between the transmitter and antenna

TipA power meter goes in the feed line, between the transmitter and antenna.

T4A06What signals are used in a computer-radio interface for digital mode operation?

CReceive audio, transmit audio, and transmitter keying

TipComputer-radio interface: receive audio, transmit audio, and PTT (keying).

T4A07Which of the following is one of the connections required between a computer and a transceiver to operate digital modes?

CComputer “line in” to transceiver speaker connector

TipComputer "line in" ← radio speaker. (The computer listens to the radio.)

T4A08Which of the following conductors is preferred for bonding at RF?

DFlat copper strap

TipRF bonding: flat copper strap (wide = low inductance).

T4A09How can you determine the length of time that equipment can be powered from a battery?

BDivide the battery ampere-hour rating by the average current draw of the equipment

TipBattery runtime = amp-hours ÷ amps drawn.

T4A10What function does a digital mode hotspot perform for nearby transceivers?

ACommunication with a digital voice or data network

TipA hotspot connects your handheld to a digital network (internet).

T4A11Where should the negative power return of a mobile transceiver be connected in a vehicle?

AAt the 12-volt battery chassis ground

TipMobile negative goes to the battery's chassis ground.

T4A12What is an electronic keyer?

CA device that assists in manual sending of Morse code

TipAn electronic keyer helps you send Morse (it makes the dits and dahs for you).

T4B01What is the effect of excessive microphone gain on SSB transmissions?

BDistorted transmitted audio

TipToo much mic gain = distorted audio.

T4B02Which of the following can be used to enter a transceiver’s operating frequency?

AThe keypad or VFO knob

TipEnter frequency with the keypad or the VFO knob.

T4B03How is squelch adjusted so that a weak FM signal can be heard?

ASet the squelch threshold so that receiver output audio is on all the time

TipTo hear weak FM, open the squelch all the way (audio always on).

T4B04What does an FM signal sound like when received slightly off frequency?

DThe audio becomes distorted

TipOff-frequency FM sounds distorted.

T4B05What does the scanning function of an FM transceiver do?

CTunes through a range of frequencies to check for activity

TipScanning = automatically checking frequencies for activity.

T4B06Which of the following controls could be used if the voice pitch of a single-sideband signal returning to your CQ call seems too high or low?

DThe RIT or Clarifier

TipSSB voice sounds like a chipmunk or a bear? Adjust the RIT (Clarifier).

T4B07What is a DMR “code plug”?

BConfiguration data loaded onto your radio to access repeaters and talkgroups

TipCode plug = the DMR radio's programming file.

T4B08What is the advantage of having a choice of receiver filter bandwidths in a multimode transceiver?

BPermits noise or interference reduction by selecting a bandwidth matching the mode

TipMatch filter bandwidth to the mode to cut noise.

T4B09How is a specific group of stations selected on a DMR digital voice transceiver?

CBy entering the group’s identification code

TipPick a DMR group by entering its ID code.

T4B10Which of the following receiver filter bandwidths provides the best signal-to-noise ratio for SSB reception?

C2400 Hz

TipSSB filter = 2400 Hz (2.4 kHz).

T4B11Which of the following must be programmed into a D-STAR digital transceiver before transmitting?

AYour call sign

TipD-STAR needs your call sign programmed in first.

T5A01Electrical current is measured in which of the following units?

DAmperes

TipCurrent = AMPERES.

T5A02Electrical power is measured in which of the following units?

BWatts

TipPower = WATTS.

T5A03What is the term for the flow of electrons in an electric circuit?

DCurrent

TipFlow of electrons = CURRENT (like water current).

T5A04What term describes the number of times per second that an alternating current makes a complete cycle?

CFrequency

TipCycles per second = FREQUENCY.

T5A05A difference in which of the following causes electron flow?

AVoltage

TipVOLTAGE is the "pressure" that pushes electrons.

T5A06What is the unit of frequency?

AHertz

TipFrequency is measured in HERTZ.

T5A07Why are metals generally good conductors of electricity?

BThey have many free electrons

TipMetals have lots of FREE electrons.

T5A08Which of the following is a good electrical insulator?

BGlass

TipGlass = insulator.

T5A09Which of the following describes alternating current?

CCurrent that alternates between positive and negative directions

TipAC alternates between positive and negative.

T5A10Which term describes the rate at which electrical energy is used?

CPower

TipRate of using energy = POWER.

T5A11What type of current flow is opposed by resistance?

DAll these choices are correct

TipResistance opposes all current, AC and DC: "All these."

T5B01How many milliamperes is 1.5 amperes?

C1500 milliamperes

Tip1.5 A × 1000 = 1500 mA.

T5B02Which is equal to 1,500,000 hertz?

A1500 kHz

Tip1,500,000 Hz = 1500 kHz (divide by 1000).

T5B03Which is equal to one kilovolt?

COne thousand volts

TipKilo = 1000. 1 kV = 1000 V.

T5B04Which is equal to one microvolt?

AOne one-millionth of a volt

TipMicro = millionth.

T5B05Which is equal to 500 milliwatts?

B0.5 watts

Tip500 mW = 0.5 W.

T5B06Which is equal to 3000 milliamperes?

D3 amperes

Tip3000 mA = 3 A.

T5B07Which is equal to 3.525 MHz?

C3525 kHz

Tip3.525 MHz × 1000 = 3525 kHz.

T5B08Which is equal to 1,000,000 picofarads?

B1 microfarad

Tip1,000,000 pF = 1 µF (pico to micro is a million).

T5B09Which decibel value most closely represents a power increase from 5 watts to 10 watts?

B3 dB

TipDouble the power = +3 dB.

T5B10Which decibel value most closely represents a power decrease from 12 watts to 3 watts?

C-6 dB

Tip12 → 3 W is half, then half again = -3 -3 = -6 dB.

T5B11Which decibel value represents a power increase from 20 watts to 200 watts?

A10 dB

Tip10× power = 10 dB.

T5B12Which is equal to 28400 kHz?

D28.400 MHz

Tip28400 kHz ÷ 1000 = 28.400 MHz.

T5B13Which is equal to 2425 MHz?

C2.425 GHz

Tip2425 MHz ÷ 1000 = 2.425 GHz.

T5C01What describes the ability to store energy in an electric field?

DCapacitance

TipElectric field storage = CAPACITANCE (capacitor).

T5C02What is the unit of capacitance?

AFarad

TipCapacitance is measured in FARADS.

T5C03What describes the ability to store energy in a magnetic field?

DInductance

TipMagnetic field storage = INDUCTANCE (coil).

T5C04What is the unit of inductance?

CHenry

TipInductance is measured in HENRYS.

T5C05What is the unit of impedance?

DOhm

TipImpedance is in OHMS (all opposition = ohms).

T5C06What is the abbreviation for kilohertz?

AkHz

TipKilohertz = kHz (lowercase k).

T5C07What is the abbreviation for megahertz?

DMHz

TipMegahertz = MHz (capital M).

T5C08What formula is used to calculate electrical power (P) in a DC circuit?

AP = I x E

TipPower = I × E. "PIE": P = I × E.

T5C09How much power is delivered by a voltage of 13.8 volts DC and a current of 10 amperes?

A138 watts

Tip13.8 V × 10 A = 138 W.

T5C10How much power is delivered by a voltage of 12 volts DC and a current of 2.5 amperes?

B30 watts

Tip12 × 2.5 = 30 W.

T5C11How much current is required to deliver 120 watts at a voltage of 12 volts DC?

B10 amperes

TipI = P ÷ E = 120 ÷ 12 = 10 A.

T5C12What is impedance?

AThe opposition to AC current flow

TipImpedance = opposition to AC.

T5D01What formula is used to calculate current in a circuit?

BI = E / R

TipOhm's law: I = E ÷ R. (Cover the letter you want in the E-over-I-R triangle.)

T5D02What formula is used to calculate voltage in a circuit?

AE = I x R

TipE = I × R.

T5D03What formula is used to calculate resistance in a circuit?

BR = E / I

TipR = E ÷ I.

T5D04What is the resistance of a circuit in which a current of 3 amperes flows when connected to 90 volts?

B30 ohms

TipR = 90 ÷ 3 = 30 Ω.

T5D05What is the resistance of a circuit for which the applied voltage is 12 volts and the current flow is 1.5 amperes?

C8 ohms

TipR = 12 ÷ 1.5 = 8 Ω.

T5D06What is the resistance of a circuit that draws 4 amperes from a 12-volt source?

A3 ohms

TipR = 12 ÷ 4 = 3 Ω.

T5D07What is the current in a circuit with an applied voltage of 120 volts and a resistance of 80 ohms?

D1.5 amperes

TipI = 120 ÷ 80 = 1.5 A.

T5D08What is the current through a 100-ohm resistor connected across 200 volts?

C2 amperes

TipI = 200 ÷ 100 = 2 A.

T5D09What is the current through a 24-ohm resistor connected across 240 volts?

C10 amperes

TipI = 240 ÷ 24 = 10 A.

T5D10What is the voltage across a 2-ohm resistor if a current of 0.5 amperes flows through it?

A1 volt

TipE = 0.5 × 2 = 1 V.

T5D11What is the voltage across a 10-ohm resistor if a current of 1 ampere flows through it?

B10 volts

TipE = 1 × 10 = 10 V.

T5D12What is the voltage across a 10-ohm resistor if a current of 2 amperes flows through it?

D20 volts

TipE = 2 × 10 = 20 V.

T5D13In which type of circuit is the current always the same through all components?

ASeries

TipSeries = one path, so the SAME current everywhere.

T5D14In which type of circuit is the voltage always the same across all components?

BParallel

TipParallel = the SAME voltage across each branch.

T6A01What electrical component opposes the flow of current in a DC circuit?

BResistor

TipOpposes current in DC = RESISTOR.

T6A02What type of component is often used as an adjustable volume control?

CPotentiometer

TipVolume knob = POTENTIOMETER.

T6A03What electrical parameter is controlled by a potentiometer?

BResistance

TipA potentiometer is a variable RESISTANCE.

T6A04What electrical component stores energy in an electric field?

BCapacitor

TipElectric field = CAPACITOR.

T6A05What type of electrical component consists of conductive surfaces separated by an insulator?

DCapacitor

TipTwo plates with an insulator between = CAPACITOR.

T6A06What type of electrical component stores energy in a magnetic field?

CInductor

TipMagnetic field = INDUCTOR.

T6A07What electrical component is typically constructed as a coil of wire?

DInductor

TipCoil of wire = INDUCTOR.

T6A08What is the function of an SPDT switch?

CA single circuit is switched between one of two other circuits

TipSPDT = Single Pole, Double Throw: one input, two choices.

T6A09What type of switch is represented by component 3 in figure T-2?

ASingle-pole single-throw

TipFigure T-2, #3 = SPST switch (single pole, single throw: a simple on/off). See the figure cheat sheet in T6C06.

T6A10Which of the following battery chemistries is rechargeable?

DAll these choices are correct

TipNiCd, NiMH, lithium-ion, lead-acid: all rechargeable. "All these."

T6A11Which of the following battery chemistries is not rechargeable?

BCarbon-zinc

TipCarbon-zinc (cheap disposable) is NOT rechargeable.

T6B01Which is true about forward voltage drop in a diode?

AIt is lower in some diode types than in others

TipDifferent diode types have different forward drops (silicon about 0.7 V, Schottky lower).

T6B02What electronic component allows current to flow in only one direction?

CDiode

TipOne-way valve = DIODE.

T6B03Which of these components can be used as an electronic switch?

CTransistor

TipElectronic switch = TRANSISTOR.

T6B04Which of the following components can consist of three regions of semiconductor material?

BTransistor

TipThree layers of semiconductor (NPN or PNP) = TRANSISTOR.

T6B05What type of transistor has a gate, drain, and source?

BField-effect

TipGate, drain, source = FET.

T6B06How is the cathode lead of a semiconductor diode often marked on the package?

BWith a stripe

TipThe stripe marks the cathode.

T6B07What causes a light-emitting diode (LED) to emit light?

AForward current

TipAn LED lights with FORWARD current.

T6B08What does the abbreviation FET stand for?

DField Effect Transistor

TipFET = Field Effect Transistor.

T6B09What are the names for the electrodes of a diode?

CAnode and cathode

TipDiode leads: Anode and Cathode.

T6B10Which of the following can provide power gain?

BTransistor

TipPower gain = TRANSISTOR (it amplifies).

T6B11What does the term gain mean in amplifiers?

DAll these choices are correct

TipGain = increase in voltage, current, or power: "All these."

T6B12What are the names of the electrodes of a bipolar junction transistor?

BEmitter, base, collector

TipBJT leads: Emitter, Base, Collector ("EBC").

T6C01What is an electrical diagram using standard component symbols called?

CSchematic

TipDrawing with symbols = SCHEMATIC.

T6C02What is component 1 in figure T-1?

AResistor

TipFigure T-1: 1 Resistor, 2 Transistor, 3 Lamp, 4 Battery. "RT-LB." So #1 = Resistor.

T6C03What is component 2 in figure T-1?

BTransistor

TipFigure T-1 #2 = Transistor. (1 Resistor, 2 Transistor, 3 Lamp, 4 Battery.)

T6C04What is component 3 in figure T-1?

CLamp

TipFigure T-1 #3 = Lamp. (1 Resistor, 2 Transistor, 3 Lamp, 4 Battery.)

T6C05What is component 4 in figure T-1?

DBattery

TipFigure T-1 #4 = Battery. (1 Resistor, 2 Transistor, 3 Lamp, 4 Battery.)

T6C06What is component 6 in figure T-2?

BCapacitor

TipFigure T-2: 3 SPST switch, 4 Transformer, 6 Capacitor, 8 LED, 9 Variable resistor. So #6 = Capacitor.

T6C07What is component 8 in figure T-2?

DLight emitting diode

TipFigure T-2 #8 = LED (diode with arrows pointing out). (3 Switch, 4 Transformer, 6 Capacitor, 8 LED, 9 Variable resistor.)

T6C08What is component 9 in figure T-2?

CVariable resistor

TipFigure T-2 #9 = Variable resistor. (3 Switch, 4 Transformer, 6 Capacitor, 8 LED, 9 Variable resistor.)

T6C09What is component 4 in figure T-2?

DTransformer

TipFigure T-2 #4 = Transformer. (3 Switch, 4 Transformer, 6 Capacitor, 8 LED, 9 Variable resistor.)

T6C10What is component 3 in figure T-3?

DVariable inductor

TipFigure T-3: 3 = Variable inductor, 4 = Antenna. So #3 = Variable inductor.

T6C11What is component 4 in figure T-3?

AAntenna

TipFigure T-3 #4 = Antenna. (3 Variable inductor, 4 Antenna.)

T6C12Which of the following is accurately represented in electrical schematics?

CComponent connections

TipSchematics show CONNECTIONS, not sizes or layout.

T6D01Which of the following devices or circuits changes an alternating current into a varying direct current signal?

BRectifier

TipAC to pulsing DC = RECTIFIER.

T6D02What is a relay?

AAn electrically-controlled switch

TipRelay = an electrically controlled switch.

T6D03Which of the following is a reason to use shielded wire?

CTo prevent coupling of unwanted signals to or from the wire

TipShielding keeps unwanted signals out (and in).

T6D04Which of the following displays an electrical quantity as a numeric value?

CMeter

TipNumeric display of volts or amps = METER.

T6D05What type of circuit controls the amount of voltage from a power supply?

ARegulator

TipControls voltage = REGULATOR.

T6D06What component changes 120 V AC power to a lower AC voltage for other uses?

BTransformer

Tip120 V AC down to lower AC = TRANSFORMER.

T6D07Which of the following is commonly used as a visual indicator?

ALED

TipIndicator light = LED.

T6D08Which of the following is combined with an inductor to make a resonant circuit?

DCapacitor

TipInductor + capacitor = resonant (LC) circuit.

T6D09What is the name of a device that combines several semiconductors and other components into one package?

CIntegrated circuit

TipMany parts in one chip = INTEGRATED CIRCUIT.

T6D10What is the function of component 2 in figure T-1?

CControl the flow of current

TipFigure T-1 #2 is the transistor, which controls current flow.

T6D11Which of the following is a resonant or tuned circuit?

AAn inductor and a capacitor in series or parallel

TipTuned circuit = L and C together (series or parallel).

T7A01Which term describes the ability of a receiver to detect the presence of a signal?

BSensitivity

TipDetecting weak signals = SENSITIVITY. "Sensitive ears."

T7A02What is a transceiver?

AA device that combines a receiver and transmitter

TipTransceiver = TRANSmitter + reCEIVER.

T7A03Which of the following is used to convert a signal from one frequency to another?

BMixer

TipChange frequency = MIXER.

T7A04Which term describes the ability of a receiver to discriminate between multiple signals?

CSelectivity

TipSeparating signals = SELECTIVITY. "Selective = picky."

T7A05What is the name of a circuit that generates a signal at a specific frequency?

DOscillator

TipMakes a frequency = OSCILLATOR.

T7A06What device converts the RF input and output of a transceiver to another band?

CTransverter

TipMove a radio to another band = TRANSVERTER.

T7A07What is the function of a transceiver’s PTT input?

BSwitches transceiver from receive to transmit when grounded

TipPTT = Push To Talk. Grounding it switches to transmit.

T7A08Which of the following describes combining speech with an RF carrier signal?

CModulation

TipAdding voice to a carrier = MODULATION.

T7A09What is the function of the switch which selects either SSB or CW-FM on some VHF power amplifiers?

BSet the amplifier for proper operation in the selected mode

TipSSB/FM switch on an amp = sets it up correctly for that mode.

T7A10What can be added to the output of a transceiver to increase the transmitted output power?

BAn RF power amplifier

TipMore power = add an RF POWER AMPLIFIER.

T7A11What is the function of the Variable Frequency Oscillator (VFO) circuit in a transceiver?

ASet the receive and transmit frequency

TipVFO = Variable Frequency Oscillator: sets the frequency.

T7B01What can you do if you are told your FM handheld or mobile transceiver is over-deviating?

DTalk farther away from the microphone

TipOver-deviating = too loud, so back away from the mic.

T7B02What would cause a broadcast AM or FM radio to receive an amateur radio transmission unintentionally?

AThe receiver is unable to reject strong signals outside the AM or FM band

TipA broadcast radio hearing you = it can't reject strong out-of-band signals (its problem).

T7B03Which of the following can cause radio frequency interference?

DAll these choices are correct

TipRFI can come from spurious emissions, harmonics, overload... "All these."

T7B04Which of the following might be the cause of low RF power output from a solid-state transceiver?

DHigh SWR

TipLow power out from a solid-state radio = high SWR (it protects itself).

T7B05Which of the following might reduce interference by an amateur station to a non-amateur over-the-air radio receiver?

ABlock the amateur signal with a filter at the antenna input of the affected receiver

TipPut a filter on the affected radio's antenna input.

T7B06Which of the following actions should you take if a neighbor tells you that your station’s transmissions are interfering with their radio or TV reception?

AMake sure that your station is functioning properly and that it does not cause interference to your own radio or television when it is tuned to the same channel

TipNeighbor complains? First check that YOUR station doesn't interfere with YOUR own TV.

T7B07Which of the following can reduce interference to a 2-meter band transceiver from a nearby commercial FM station?

DInstalling a band-reject filter

TipFM broadcast overloading 2 m = band-reject filter.

T7B08What should you do if something in a neighbor’s home is causing harmful interference to your amateur station?

DAll these choices are correct

TipNeighbor's device interfering with you: be polite, explain, offer help. "All these."

T7B09What should be the first step to resolve non-fiber optic cable TV interference caused by your amateur radio transmission?

DBe sure all TV feed line coaxial connectors are installed properly

TipCable TV interference: check the TV coax connectors first.

T7B10What might be a problem if you receive a report that your audio signal through an FM repeater is distorted or unintelligible?

DAll these choices are correct

TipDistorted on a repeater: low battery, off frequency, weak signal... "All these."

T7B11Which of the following can eliminate distorted voice transmissions?

CAdding a clip-on ferrite “choke” to the microphone cable to prevent the transmitted signal from feeding back into the transmitter

TipRF feeding back into the mic = clip a ferrite choke on the mic cable.

T7C01What is the primary purpose of a dummy load?

ATo prevent transmitting signals over the air when making tests

TipDummy load = test without going on the air.

T7C02Which of the following is used to determine if an antenna is resonant at the desired operating frequency?

BAn antenna analyzer

TipIs the antenna resonant? Use an ANTENNA ANALYZER.

T7C03What does a typical RF dummy load consist of?

BA 50-ohm non-inductive resistor mounted on a heat sink

TipDummy load = 50 Ω non-inductive resistor + heat sink.

T7C04What reading on an SWR meter indicates a perfect impedance match between the antenna and the feed line?

C1:1

TipPerfect match = 1:1.

T7C05Why do most solid-state transmitters reduce output power as SWR increases beyond a certain level?

ATo protect the RF output amplifier transistors

TipPower drops with high SWR to protect the output transistors.

T7C06What does an SWR reading of 4:1 indicate?

DImpedance mismatch

Tip4:1 SWR = mismatch.

T7C07What happens to power lost in a feed line?

CIt is converted into heat

TipLost feed line power becomes HEAT.

T7C08Which instrument can be used to determine SWR?

DDirectional wattmeter

TipSWR = directional wattmeter (forward and reflected).

T7C09Which of the following causes failure of coaxial cables?

AMoisture contamination

TipCoax dies from moisture (water).

T7C10Why should the outer jacket of coaxial cable be resistant to ultraviolet light?

DUltraviolet light can damage the jacket and allow water to enter the cable

TipUV cracks the jacket and lets water in.

T7C11What is an advantage of foam-dielectric versus solid-dielectric coaxial cable?

CIt has less loss per foot

TipFoam = less loss.

T7D01Which instrument would you use to measure electric potential?

BA voltmeter

TipElectric potential = voltage = VOLTMETER.

T7D02How is a voltmeter connected to a component to measure applied voltage?

BIn parallel

TipVoltmeter = in PARALLEL (across the part).

T7D03When configured to measure current, how is a multimeter connected to a component?

AIn series

TipCurrent meter = in SERIES (in the path).

T7D04Which instrument is used to measure electric current?

DAn ammeter

TipCurrent = AMMETER.

T7D05How does an ohmmeter measure the resistance of a circuit or component?

ABy applying a small current and measuring the resulting voltage

TipOhmmeter = sends a small current, measures the voltage.

T7D06Which of the following can damage a multimeter?

CAttempting to measure voltage when using the resistance setting

TipMeasuring voltage on the ohms setting can damage the meter.

T7D07Which of the following measurements are made using a multimeter?

CVoltage and resistance

TipMultimeter = voltage and resistance (and current).

T7D08Which of the following types of solder should not be used for radio and electronic applications?

AAcid-core solder

TipNever acid-core solder (it's for plumbing and corrodes electronics).

T7D09What is the characteristic appearance of a cold tin-lead solder joint?

CA rough or lumpy surface

TipCold joint = rough, lumpy, dull.

T7D10What reading indicates that an ohmmeter is connected across a large, discharged capacitor?

AIncreasing resistance with time

TipA discharged capacitor charges up, so the resistance reading climbs over time.

T7D11Which of the following precautions should be taken when measuring in-circuit resistance with an ohmmeter?

BEnsure that the circuit is not powered

TipMeasure resistance with the power OFF.

T8A01Which of the following is a form of amplitude modulation?

CSingle sideband

TipSSB is a form of AM.

T8A02What type of modulation is commonly used for VHF packet radio transmissions?

AFM or PM

TipVHF packet = FM or PM.

T8A03Which type of voice mode is often used for long-distance (weak signal) contacts on the VHF and UHF bands?

CSSB

TipWeak-signal VHF/UHF voice = SSB.

T8A04Which type of modulation is commonly used for VHF and UHF voice repeaters?

DFM or PM

TipRepeaters = FM or PM.

T8A05Which of the following signal types has the narrowest bandwidth?

CCW

TipNarrowest = CW.

T8A06Which sideband is normally used for 10-meter HF, VHF, and UHF single-sideband communications?

AUpper sideband

Tip10 m, VHF, UHF SSB = UPPER sideband.

T8A07What is one characteristic of single sideband (SSB) compared to FM?

CSSB signals have narrower bandwidth

TipSSB is narrower than FM.

T8A08What is the approximate bandwidth of a typical single sideband (SSB) voice signal?

B3 kHz

TipSSB voice ≈ 3 kHz.

T8A09What is the approximate bandwidth of an FM voice signal on VHF repeaters?

CBetween 10 and 15 kHz

TipFM voice ≈ 10–15 kHz.

T8A10What is the approximate bandwidth of AM fast-scan TV transmissions?

BAbout 6 MHz

TipFast-scan TV ≈ 6 MHz (same as a broadcast TV channel).

T8A11What is the approximate bandwidth required to transmit a CW signal?

B150 Hz

TipCW ≈ 150 Hz. Width order: CW 150 Hz < SSB 3 kHz < FM 10–15 kHz < TV 6 MHz.

T8A12Which of the following is a disadvantage of FM compared with single sideband?

BOnly one signal can be received at a time

TipFM "captures" the strongest signal, so you hear only one at a time.

T8B01What telemetry information is typically transmitted by satellite beacons?

CHealth and status of the satellite

TipSatellite beacon telemetry = health and status.

T8B02What is the impact of using excessive effective radiated power on a satellite uplink?

BBlocking access by other users

TipToo much uplink power hogs the satellite and blocks others.

T8B03Which of the following are provided by satellite tracking programs?

DAll these choices are correct

TipTracking programs show position, pass times, Doppler... "All these."

T8B04What mode of transmission is commonly used by amateur radio satellites?

DAll these choices are correct

TipSatellites use SSB, FM, CW, data: "All these."

T8B05What is a satellite beacon?

DA transmission from a satellite that contains status information

TipBeacon = the satellite reporting its own status.

T8B06Which of the following are inputs to a satellite tracking program?

BThe Keplerian elements

TipTracking input = Keplerian elements (orbit data).

T8B07What is Doppler shift in reference to satellite communications?

CAn observed change in signal frequency caused by relative motion between the satellite and Earth station

TipDoppler = frequency shift from motion (like a passing siren).

T8B08What does it mean if a satellite is operating in U/V mode?

BThe satellite uplink is in the 70-centimeter band and the downlink is in the 2-meter band

TipU/V = Up on UHF (70 cm), down on VHF (2 m). The first letter is the uplink.

T8B09What causes spin fading of satellite signals?

BRotation of the satellite and its antennas

TipSpin fading = the satellite spinning.

T8B10What does the term LEO mean in reference to communication satellites?

DLow Earth Orbit, which has a period of around 100 minutes

TipLEO = Low Earth Orbit, about 100 minutes per orbit.

T8B11Who is permitted to receive telemetry from an amateur radio satellite?

AAnyone

TipAnyone can listen to telemetry.

T8B12Which of the following is a way to determine whether your satellite uplink power into a linear transponder satellite is neither too low nor too high?

CYour signal strength on the downlink should be about the same as the beacon

TipYour downlink signal should be about as strong as the beacon.

T8C01Which of the following methods is used to locate sources of noise interference or jamming?

CRadio direction finding

TipFind a jammer = radio direction finding.

T8C02Which of these items would be useful for a hidden transmitter hunt?

BA directional antenna

TipFox hunt = directional antenna.

T8C03What operating activity involves contacting as many stations as possible during a specified period?

DContesting

TipAs many contacts as possible = CONTESTING.

T8C04Which of the following is good practice when contacting another station in a contest?

CSending only the minimum information needed for proper identification and the contest exchange

TipContests: keep it short. Minimum info.

T8C05What is a grid locator?

AA letter-number designator assigned to a geographic location

TipGrid locator = letter-number location code (like EM48).

T8C06How is over the air access to Internet Radio Linking Project (IRLP) nodes accomplished?

BBy using Dual-Tone Multi-Frequency (DTMF) signals

TipIRLP from the air = DTMF tones.

T8C07What is Voice Over Internet Protocol (VoIP)?

DA method of delivering voice communications over the internet using digital techniques

TipVoIP = voice over the internet.

T8C08What is the Internet Radio Linking Project (IRLP)?

AA technique to connect amateur radio systems, such as repeaters, via the internet

TipIRLP = links repeaters over the internet.

T8C09Which of the following protocols enables an amateur station to transmit through a repeater without using a radio to initiate the transmission?

DEchoLink

TipTalk through a repeater with no radio (from a computer or phone) = EchoLink.

T8C10What is required before using the EchoLink system?

CRegister your call sign and provide proof of license

TipEchoLink: register and prove your license first.

T8C11What is an amateur radio station that connects other amateur stations to the internet?

AA gateway

TipStation connecting hams to the internet = GATEWAY.

T8D01Which of the following is a digital communications mode?

DAll these choices are correct

TipDigital modes: FT8, packet, PSK31, DMR... "All these."

T8D02What is FT8?

BA digital mode capable of low signal-to-noise operation

TipFT8 = works with very weak signals (low S/N).

T8D03What kind of data can be transmitted by APRS?

DAll these choices are correct

TipAPRS can send position, weather, text: "All these."

T8D04What is meant by the term "NTSC?"

CAn analog fast-scan color TV signal

TipNTSC = old analog color TV.

T8D05Which of the following is an application of APRS?

AProviding real-time tactical digital communications in conjunction with a map showing the locations of stations

TipAPRS = stations shown live on a map.

T8D06What does the abbreviation "PSK" mean?

BPhase Shift Keying

TipPSK = Phase Shift Keying.

T8D07Which of the following describes DMR?

AA technique for time-multiplexing two digital voice signals on a single 12.5 kHz repeater channel

TipDMR = two voice slots time-shared on one 12.5 kHz channel.

T8D08Which of the following is included in packet radio transmissions?

DAll these choices are correct

TipPacket includes headers, error checking, callsigns: "All these."

T8D09What is CW?

DAnother name for a Morse code transmission

TipCW = Morse code.

T8D10Which of the following operating activities is supported by digital mode software in the WSJT-X software suite?

DAll these choices are correct

TipWSJT-X does meteor scatter, moonbounce, weak-signal contacts: "All these."

T8D11What is the role of ARQ in a transmission system?

CAn error correction method in which the receiving station detects errors and sends a request for retransmission

TipARQ = Automatic Repeat reQuest: the receiver asks for a resend.

T8D12Which of the following best describes an amateur radio mesh network?

AAn amateur-radio data network using commercial Wi-Fi equipment with modified firmware

TipMesh network = commercial Wi-Fi gear with ham firmware.

T9A01What is a beam antenna?

CAn antenna that concentrates signals in one direction

TipBeam = focuses signal in one direction.

T9A02Which of the following describes a type of antenna loading?

AElectrically lengthening by inserting inductors in radiating elements

TipLoading = adding inductors (coils) to make an antenna act longer.

T9A03How is the polarization of an antenna described?

BBy the orientation of the electric field

TipPolarization = the electric field's direction (same as T3B02).

T9A04What is a disadvantage of a handheld radio transceiver’s short flexible antenna compared to a full-sized quarter-wave antenna?

AIt has low efficiency

Tip"Rubber duck" antenna = low efficiency.

T9A05Which of the following increases the resonant frequency of a dipole antenna?

CShortening it

TipShorter antenna = higher frequency.

T9A06Which of the following types of antennas offers the greatest gain?

DYagi

TipMost gain = Yagi (a beam).

T9A07What is a potential drawback of using a handheld VHF transceiver inside a vehicle that lacks an externally mounted antenna?

ASignal strength is reduced due to the shielding effect of the vehicle

TipA car body shields a handheld, so you get a weaker signal.

T9A08Why is a 19-inch-long vertical antenna often used on 2 meters?

CIt is a resonant quarter-wave

Tip19 inches on 2 m = a quarter wave. (234 ÷ 146 ≈ 1.6 ft ≈ 19 in.)

T9A09What is an advantage of a 5/8-wavelength whip antenna for VHF or UHF mobile service compared to a 1/4-wave antenna?

AIt has more gain

Tip5/8-wave whip = more gain than a 1/4-wave.

T9A10In which direction does a half-wave dipole antenna radiate the strongest signal?

DBroadside to the antenna

TipDipole radiates strongest BROADSIDE (perpendicular to the wire).

T9A11What is antenna gain?

CThe increase in signal strength in a specified direction compared to a reference antenna

TipGain = stronger in a direction compared to a reference antenna.

T9B01Which of the following connectors should be carefully taped for weather protection when used outdoors?

DAll these choices are correct

TipTape every outdoor connector: "All these."

T9B02What is the most common impedance of coaxial cables used in amateur radio?

B50 ohms

TipHam coax = 50 Ω.

T9B03Why is coaxial cable the most common feed line for amateur radio antenna systems?

AIt is easy to use and requires few special installation considerations

TipCoax is popular because it's easy to use.

T9B04What is the major function of an antenna tuner (antenna coupler)?

AIt matches the antenna system impedance to the transceiver's output impedance

TipA tuner matches the antenna system to the radio.

T9B05What happens as the frequency of a signal in coaxial cable is increased?

DThe loss increases

TipHigher frequency = more coax loss.

T9B06Which of the following connector types is most suitable as an RF connector for frequencies above 400 MHz?

BType N

TipAbove 400 MHz = Type N connector.

T9B07Which of the following is true of PL-259 type coax connectors?

CThey are commonly used at HF and VHF frequencies

TipPL-259 = HF and VHF (the common "UHF connector," despite its name).

T9B08Which of the following is a source of loss in coaxial feed line?

DAll these choices are correct

TipCoax loss comes from the conductor, the dielectric, and moisture: "All these."

T9B09What can cause erratic changes in SWR?

BLoose connection in the antenna or feed line

TipSWR jumping around = loose connection.

T9B10What is the electrical difference between RG-58 and RG-213 coaxial cable?

CRG-213 cable has less loss at a given frequency

TipRG-213 is the thick one, so it has less loss than RG-58.

T9B11Which of the following types of feed line has the lowest loss?

CAir-insulated hardline

TipLowest loss = air-insulated hardline.

T9B12What is standing wave ratio (SWR)?

AA measure of how well a load is matched to a transmission line

TipSWR = how well the load matches the line.

T0A01Which of the following is a safety hazard of a 12-volt storage battery that lacks internal protection circuitry?

BShorting the terminals can cause burns, fire, or an explosion

TipShorting a battery = burns, fire, or explosion.

T0A02What health hazard is posed by electrical current flowing through the body?

DAll these choices are correct

TipCurrent through your body: burns, heart problems, muscle spasms. "All these."

T0A03In the United States, what circuit does black wire insulation indicate in a three-wire 120 V AC cable?

BHot

TipBlack wire = HOT. (White = neutral, green = ground.)

T0A04What is the purpose of a fuse in an electrical circuit?

BTo remove power in case of an overload

TipA fuse cuts power on overload.

T0A05Why should a 5-ampere fuse never be replaced with a 20-ampere fuse?

CExcessive current could cause a fire

TipA bigger fuse lets too much current through: fire risk.

T0A06What is a good way to guard against electrical shock at your station?

DAll these choices are correct

TipGrounding, GFCI, interlocks: "All these."

T0A07Where should a lightning arrester be installed in a coaxial feed line?

DOn a grounded panel near where feed lines enter the building

TipLightning arrester = on a grounded panel where the feed lines enter.

T0A08Where should a fuse or circuit breaker be installed in a 120V AC power circuit?

AIn series with the hot conductor only

TipFuse in series with the HOT wire only.

T0A09What should be done to all external ground rods or earth connections?

CBond them together with heavy wire or conductive strap

TipBond all ground rods together.

T0A10What hazard exists when rapidly charging or discharging an unprotected battery?

AOverheating or out-gassing

TipFast charging or discharging = overheating or out-gassing.

T0A11What hazard exists in a power supply immediately after turning it off?

DCharge stored in filter capacitors

TipAfter power off, filter capacitors can still hold a charge.

T0A12Which of the following precautions should be taken when measuring high voltages with a voltmeter?

BEnsure that the voltmeter and its leads are rated for use at the voltages being measured

TipUse a meter and leads rated for that voltage.

T0B01Which of the following is good practice when installing ground wires on a tower for lightning protection?

CEnsure that connections are short and direct

TipTower ground wires: short and direct.

T0B02What is required when climbing an antenna tower?

DAll these choices are correct

TipClimbing: harness, hard hat, helper... "All these."

T0B03Under what circumstances is it safe to climb a tower without a helper or observer?

DNever

TipClimb alone? NEVER.

T0B04Which of the following is an important safety precaution to observe when putting up an antenna tower?

CLook for and stay clear of any overhead electrical wires

TipWatch for overhead power lines.

T0B05What is the purpose of a safety wire through a turnbuckle used to tension guy lines?

BPrevent loosening of the turnbuckle from vibration

TipSafety wire keeps the turnbuckle from vibrating loose.

T0B06What is the minimum safe distance from a power line to allow when installing an antenna?

DEnough so that if the antenna falls, no part of it can come within 10 feet of the power wires

TipIf the antenna falls, it must stay more than 10 ft from the power lines.

T0B07Which of the following is an important safety rule to remember when using a crank-up tower?

CThis type of tower must not be climbed unless it is retracted, or mechanical safety locking devices have been installed

TipCrank-up tower: don't climb unless it's retracted or locked.

T0B08Which is a proper grounding method for a tower?

DSeparate eight-foot ground rods for each tower leg, bonded to the tower and each other

Tip8-foot ground rod at each tower leg, all bonded together.

T0B09Why should you avoid attaching an antenna to a utility pole?

CThe antenna could contact high-voltage power lines

TipUtility pole = high-voltage danger.

T0B10Which of the following is true when installing grounding conductors used for lightning protection?

CSharp bends must be avoided

TipLightning grounds: no sharp bends.

T0B11Which of the following establishes grounding requirements for an amateur radio tower or antenna?

BLocal electrical codes

TipGrounding rules = LOCAL electrical codes.

T0C01What type of radiation are radio signals?

DNon-ionizing radiation

TipRF = NON-ionizing (it doesn't damage DNA like X-rays).

T0C02Which of the following bands has the lowest maximum permissible exposure for RF safety?

B50 MHz

TipLowest MPE is 30–300 MHz; 50 MHz is in that range (the body absorbs it most).

T0C03How does the allowable power density for RF safety change if duty cycle changes from 100 percent to 50 percent?

CIt increases by a factor of 2

TipHalf the duty cycle = twice the allowed power density.

T0C04What factors affect the RF exposure of people near an amateur station antenna?

DAll these choices are correct

TipExposure depends on power, distance, frequency, duty cycle: "All these."

T0C05Why do exposure limits vary with frequency?

DThe human body absorbs more RF energy at some frequencies than at others

TipThe body absorbs some frequencies more than others.

T0C06Which of the following is an acceptable method to determine whether your station complies with FCC RF exposure regulations?

DAll these choices are correct

TipCalculate, model, or measure: "All these."

T0C07What hazard is created by touching an antenna during a transmission?

BRF burn to skin

TipTouch the antenna while transmitting = RF burn.

T0C08Which of the following actions can reduce exposure to RF radiation?

ARelocate antennas

TipReduce exposure: move the antennas.

T0C09How can you make sure your station stays in compliance with RF safety regulations?

BBy re-evaluating the station whenever an item in the transmitter or antenna system is changed

TipRe-check whenever you change the transmitter or antenna.

T0C10Why is duty cycle one of the factors used to determine safe RF radiation exposure levels?

AIt affects the average exposure to radiation

TipDuty cycle changes the AVERAGE exposure.

T0C11What is the definition of duty cycle during the averaging time for RF exposure?

CThe percentage of time that a transmitter is transmitting

TipDuty cycle = percentage of time transmitting.

T0C12How does RF radiation differ from ionizing radiation (radioactivity)?

ARF radiation does not have sufficient energy to cause chemical changes in cells and damage DNA

TipRF lacks the energy to damage DNA.

T0C13Who is responsible for ensuring that no person is exposed to RF energy above the FCC exposure limits?

BThe station licensee

TipThe station LICENSEE is responsible for RF safety.